If a person is later exposed to the virus, antibodies and other parts of the immune system can recognize and attack the virus before it can infect healthy cells or cause illness. These viral spike proteins, or antigens, normally coat the surface of the virus and are recognized by antibodies and other immune cells that prepare and protect the body against the virus. mRNA is a short-lived molecule, meaning it degrades easily and does not last long inside cells.īy injecting cells with a synthetic mRNA that encodes a viral spike protein, an mRNA vaccine can direct human cells to make a viral spike protein and evoke an immune response without a person ever having been exposed to the viral material. mRNA regulatory sequences control gene expression at multiple levels including translation initiation and mRNA decay. In translation, the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA is 'translated' into a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide (protein chain). In eukaryotes, the RNA must go through additional processing steps to become a messenger RNA, or mRNA. mRNA transfers a copy of this genetic information outside of the nucleus, to a cell’s cytoplasm, where it is translated into amino acids by ribosomes and then folded into complete proteins. An mRNA Sequence Is Decoded in Sets of Three Nucleotides. In transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is 'rewritten' in RNA. A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein. DNA, which is stored in a cell’s nucleus, encodes the genetic information for making proteins. RefSeq: NCBI Reference Sequence Database.
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